Tuesday, August 26, 2008

The Ethics of Research on Animals

This essay starts out a little rough. But it is a good explanation of my feelings on this issue and the like, even if it could be more smoothly presented. What do you expect of a 16 year old? I feel pretty good about this essay, considering.


If given the choice of dying, or having a rat killed, most people would have the rat killed, rather than die themselves. If given a choice between having a chimp killed, and themselves being killed, most people would have the chimp killed. When it comes down to it, most people value their own life more than a non human's life.

Medical experiments on animals that involve life threatening conditions are really the same thing, if only on a different scale. There isn't as direct a connection, because there is no guarantee that the research will ever bring to light any new information. In addition, not everybody will come down with the condition that is being investigated, so it isn't as personal, but it still holds true that animal lives are being sacrificing for human lives. Still, in these types of cases animal research is a reasonable option to me. If this weren't such an emotional issue, I think that most people would understand that, while this sort of research may be unpleasant to think about, it is acceptable.

What about other types of research that don't involve life or death problems? When is it okay to harm, hurt, or kill an animal when the outcome of the experiment doesn't relate to saving human life? A very good example of this would be many psychology experiments. Because we want to understand behavior better, is it okay to deprive an animal of its natural life? Very often I think the answer is yes, if simply because being a research subject can have some advantages:

  • Many of these animals would not have been born without the need for them in experiments.
  • A life as an experiment subject doesn't have to be that bad, in some cases it can be much better than in nature, with no worry for things such as getting enough water and food, and no worry of predation and parasitism.
There are also reasons why being a research subject is less than desirable:
  • Some experiments can expose subjects to unpleasant/harmful things that they would never have to deal with in natural life, such as electrical shocks, possibly harmful chemicals, and stress inducing things like loud noises and bright lights.
  • While they may not have to worry about such things as food and predation (unless those are things that the experiment is trying to explore), they also lose out on living a natural, and much more varied life in the wild. Do we have the right to take this away from them when all we are seeking is better understanding of behavior? Remember that there is a good chance that they wouldn't have had this life anyway, if it weren't for the experiment. Also, most have no idea what they are missing since the majority are raised as experiment subjects for their whole life.
For many experiments, there really aren't any big ethical problems. The hard part is with the cases where severe harm, pain, and suffering are brought upon the animal. How important does the research need to be before it becomes ethical to perform the experiment? In my opinion, most animal research should be okay, but, emotionally, there are many types of experiments that I would rather not think of being performed.

It is very hard to decide where to draw the line when such emotional issues are involved. It would be a mistake to try to legislate something like this when the line between necessary and unnecessary is so hard to define that it can be hard to decide even on a case by case basis. The simplest, and perhaps the best, idea is to just hope that those who perform the experiments are just as human as you and I, and would not do an experiment that is truly cruel to animals for a project that is of little importance.

AIDS and Chaos

AIDS is an interesting virus. But I suspect that there are many other interesting virri out there, I just happen to know a little bit more about AIDS than the others, since it is so much in the spotlight. Virri in general are intriguing, and well worth a little study by anybody who finds science interesting. What follows attempts to prove that AIDS is chaotic, something which I agree with, but have a hard time explaining in words. Read it anyway for a quick overview of both subjects. You may just find yourself wanting to find out more!



The AIDS virus is very resistant to attacks from the human immune system. One of the reasons for this is a by-product of the method of replication used by HIV. HIV is a retrovirus, which means that its genetic code is stored as RNA. After this RNA is injected into a cell, it must be converted to DNA, so that it may then be integrated in the host's DNA. Unfortunately for the host, the process of converting RNA to DNA is inherently prone to miscopying, and on average the resulting DNA code is different by one base pair. When the new DNA is used as a blueprint to produce the virus, some of the resulting HIV molecules are not viable. However, those that have a mutation in a non-crucial area, such as the surface proteins, survive, with an important advantage. These surface proteins are the target of the antibody mediated immune response, which only works well against non-changing antigens to which it has been exposed for a long period of time. Thus the rapid mutation of surface proteins renders ineffective a major immune avenue of attack.

Chaotic systems change in cyclic patterns, with each cycle always somewhat different from the previous cycle. Small changes in a system early on can make large differences later. Often it is hard to see any pattern in chaos unless the entire system is examined for a long period of time. A simple example of chaos is the shoreline of a river. Just about any part of the shore looks very much like any other part, but no two areas are exactly alike. Small, but long lasting changes in currents upstream will make larger and larger differences downstream. This is because the direction of flow at any point is strongly influenced by the direction of water flow just above it. Over long periods of time, the path of the river will change, producing a recognizable pattern that will never be exactly the same twice.

I believe the mutating protein coat of HIV is an example of chaos. The proteins do not change completely, since they remain functional, yet they do change enough to evade the immune system. The changes are not very large between generations, and over time the proteins maintain the same basic pattern, since the radically different structures that arise do not survive. These mutations may seem basically random, but when considered in the context of the entire system, they produce a reoccurring pattern of the body getting ready to battle a virus, only to have that virus effectively become invisible.

When I’m 21

I wrote this for an english class. The assignment was to record a memory, and then analyze it. As essay assignments go, this was pretty interesting.



I was about ten years old when we made the trip. At the time we lived in Floyd, which was, and still is, a very rural county. Besides groceries and farming equipment, there was not much to buy in Floyd, so every week or so we would make a trip to one of the nearby towns, either Blacksburg or Roanoke. Since Blacksburg was closer, and we didn’t have any unusual things to purchase, my father chose to go to Blacksburg that day.

I, of course, didn’t have anything to buy. I had to go because my mother had a full time job, so there was nobody to watch over me at home while my father went out and bought things. So I went with him to Blacksburg, not particularly happy about it, but not that distressed about it, either. After all, I had to go with him whenever he left the house and my mother was not home to watch me. Since I was home schooled, I was usually home, which meant that I often had to go with him when he bought things in town, or when he went to visit his friends.

Even though the trip was unremarkable, that fact did not keep me from feeling a little resentful. After all, before my mother got a job, she stayed home most of the time and I didn’t have to go on boring trips at all.

I don’t remember all the places we went on that day, but I do remember one store distinctly. It was the K-Mart which, at the time, was located on Main Street. This was before the Walmart, or even the New River Valley Mall had been built, so K-Mart was the only real general store in Blacksburg. Even without all the competition that it was to face in the near future, the store had already become somewhat rundown.

They did not have much that was very interesting to a young boy, but there was one thing of interest, something I could go look at while my father bought things in the store. A year or so previously, my parents had bought me a video game machine. While I was not bad at video games, I was not as good as some of my friends at playing the games I owned. At the K-Mart they sold a “Game Strategy Guide”, which wasn’t a strategy guide at all. It was much more of a set of instructions on exactly how to play the game featured, so as to be able to beat the game without needing a lot of skill. It was very long (or so it seemed to my young brain), and was way too long to memorize. When we visited the store, I would read a little of the guide, and when I got home, use what I remembered to get a little further. Then the next time we were in the K-Mart I would read a little more and repeat the cycle.

So when we got to the K-Mart I went to the video game section and read for a little while. Before long I had reached my limit and got tired of reading the book. I stopped reading, but hung around and looked at the other items on display. Some time later, a boy much older than myself entered the aisle and went to look at the book. I suppose he was a college student, although at the time I didn’t really have any concept of college, or the students that would be enrolled there. I guess he was slightly self-conscious, with me being there, for he muttered under his breath, as he looked at the guide, “Geez, I’m 21, you’d think I wouldn’t need this to beat a video game”. The comment wasn’t really aimed at me, or anybody else, he just stated it, sort of as though it was amazing to think that at 21 he would need help with anything. He hastily flipped through the guide and then left, without really reading anything.

I clearly remember thinking that the student was quite wrong to think that his age should have any effect on his skill at a video game, or any thing else, really. Sure, how good you are at something is related to how much experience you have. But it is the experience in that area that is important, not just the total amount of experience you have from life. There are other important issues too, like how smart you are, and how good you are at other basic skills. It seemed perfectly plausible that a 21 year old might be no better at a video game than I, or more precisely, that I could be as good, or better than somebody twice as old as me, if I wanted to devote the time.

-----

Looking back on this memory, the thing that is most interesting to me is the fact that I remember it at all. There is nothing at all remarkable about any one of the things that happened that day. And yet, just a few days ago, it popped into my head, not thought of for many years, but always there if I had wanted to retrieve it. Why had this little event stuck in my head, if the only events of significance were not very unique?

My mother had, after all, been working for perhaps as many as 5 years before this memory took place. While her taking a job and leaving me with my father all day was a very traumatic experience, I only have a few memories of it affecting me. And while this one may be one of the few, it is certainly not the best remembered, or the most telling. So I don’t think that is why I remember this trip.

As for the trip itself and the K-Mart, I went on many day trips to town with dad, and visited the K-Mart many times. Writing this memory down, however, has made me think about other memories from day trips, and I have been surprised to realize that I remember very few of them in detail. What I do remember from other trips does, however, indicates that there was nothing especially notable about this trip. As for K-Mart, spending time reading the video game strategy guide was what I always did there, so there is nothing memorable about that.

This memory focuses the most on the college student, and his comment on how he should be skilled at video games at 21. This was not the first time I had heard the idea that older kids should be better at things just by the virtue of their age. It is a common idea, and seems to be generally true. Certainly, it was expressed in many various forms throughout my childhood. But this simple and common memory may be the reason I remember this trip at all.

When I was writing this, I started out with a very basic memory of being in a store during one of our many shopping trips, reading a video game guide, and then hearing a much older kid complain that at his age he shouldn’t have a need for the guide at all. Yet when I wrote the memory down, I recorded much more than just that one part. In recording those details which came naturally, but were not directly related, I think I found the reason why this memory still survives.

As I said in the beginning, I had to go on this trip because my mother was not home to take care of me. I was too young to stay at home alone so I had to go with my father, and be where I could be watched. Almost 10 years later, I can accept the idea that I was too young to be left alone for extended periods of time. When I was 10, however, I know I did not. I very much resented being dragged along when I felt, however young I might be, I was mature enough to watch over myself for the day.

While perhaps not in the forefront of my mind that day, I am sure that I was feeling those thoughts when I heard the student in effect admit that age didn’t really have any effect on a skill I could easily relate to. If I could be as skilled as a person twice as old as I in one area, was it such a big jump to think that I was also mature enough to stay home alone?

While I don’t at all remember thinking such thoughts after I heard the student’s comment, I am pretty sure that this is the reason why I remember this unremarkable event. The combination of the things that happened resulted in feelings strong enough to remember long after the fact.

Writing down the memory, and then discussing it, was very helpful in figuring out its meaning. I think without the freewriting exercise at the beginning I would not have put down the thoughts that I needed for later. Those unrelated thoughts were important building blocks for determining why I could recall the event with such clarity. It was only after trying to connect the recorded thoughts together many times that their greater meaning emerged. Perhaps this meaning is not the original reason that I remembered the event, but I feel fairly strongly that it is, and whether I am correct or not, coming up with this has helped me understand my childhood in a way that previously I only vaguely grasped.

I think Hampl is right. We write in order to know ourselves. While trying to record the truth was important for completing my memory in a useful way, the truth about this one little memory was not the final goal. Much more important is the fact that through writing it down, I now better understand an issue in my childhood in a way I barely did before.

edlin humor

Even Microsoft gets into the act. This is not strictly Edlin humor, but it was included in the tutorial in the MSDos 4.1 manual so I think its fair game. Something tells me that Microsoft would never put such a text excerpt in any modern manual!

Sharpe Office Supplies
The World Leader in Office Sharpeware
Our motto: "You oughta be Sharpe too"

Dear Mr. Dimm,

I was sorry to hear of your recent
hospitalization due to electrical
shock from our X-1000 Automatic
Pencil Sharpener.

As a result of your accident, we
are redesigning our manual to
warn our customers against trying
to sharpen metal objects.

Sincerely,

I.R. Sharpe, President

How I hacked edlin

Well, the problem was this: Like most MS-DOS programs, EDLIN checks to make sure that the version of DOS you are running is the same as the one your copy of EDLIN comes with.

All I had to do was find out what code was being used to do this, and fix it so that it would run under any version of DOS. I got out my PS/2-PC Assembly Language book, and looked in the interrupt list for a function that told you what version of DOS was running. Surprise surprise, it was a function of INT 21H (funtion 30H to be exact.)

My first attempt was to DEBUG EDLIN.EXE, which initially looked promising. After hitting U forty times, I discovered that the code I was looking for wasn't near the beginning of the program, and even worse, that DEBUG wouldn't let you write to an EXE.

Ok, so how as I going to edit that file? I decided to try hexediting it. First I needed to know what instructions I was looking for, and what those instructions looked like in HEX. I broke out my dssembly book, did some research, and wrote down the results.

Then I loaded my DOS freeware hexedit program and searched for the instruction group that would return the version of DOS, MOV AH,30; INT 21H (B420 CD21 in hex). Sure enough, I found this group. Then I looked for a CMP AH, 6 (3C06 in hex). I couldn't find this instruction, but I did find a 3D06 in the right place. After than I found a JNE (Jump if Not Equal) instruction, and decided that I had found the right place, even if it didn't look exactly like I had expected. So I changed JNE to JE, and tried it out. It loaded up a file, without any problem, and let me edit it. Success!

Well, not quite. There was still a problem: This hacked version of EDLIN would work with DOS 7, but no longer with DOS 6.x. So I went back to my hex editor, and replaced the JE that I had hacked in with a pair of NOPs. Now the jump code was no more, and no matter what version, EDLIN will run. Of course, I can't guarantee that EDLIN doesn't use something that only DOS 6.x and later have, but in my tests it has had no problems at all. You should be able to use it with DOS 3.x and above.

They could have paid for my education


I like the idea of vouchers, and I wish we had them now. Maybe before I die...

The issue of whether public funds should be spent on vouchers for private schools is very complex. As with almost any complex issue, there is no perfect answer. I do, however, think vouchers are a good idea in the overall, despite any initial problems they would raise.

Our school systems face fundamental problems. While many public schools are good, many are not. Short of moving, parents have no control over which public school their children must attend. Private schools do offer an alternative, but they are often too expensive and parents still have to pay the taxes that provide funding for public education. Vouchers would help with this problem, lowering the cost of a private education by allowing parents to pay part of the tuition with state funds formerly set aside for public education.

Those against the voucher concept say that vouchers will only make things worse. They think that vouchers will take money away from public schools, hurting their ability to teach, and worsening the education of the students who continue to stay in the public education system. They also think that many parents will not take advantage of vouchers because private schools do not offer enough choices and often have a strong religious element.

While these arguments may be valid in the short term, I feel the school landscape will change once vouchers become available and render these arguments obsolete in a few years time.

First, even though most private schools are church affiliated, there is no fundamental reason why this must continue to be the case. It is only currently true because that is the type of school which is most in demand. Because vouchers will allow many more people to choose private school, I believe the market will change. Schools that teach in different ways, and concentrate on different goals, religious or not, will be created because the free market will want them.

Second, while public schools will see a drop in funds at first, the new competition should be good for them in the long run. The best schools will grow in both students and funds, and the worst will shrink, and perhaps even close. While the loss of some schools may not seem positive at first consideration, I think it may well be. If too few children are sent to a school to keep it open, then why waste funds on that school at all? The money could be better spent on schools that already provide a quality education.

Clearly the free market has worked well for the quality of education in our nation's college and university system, considered to be one of the best in the world. While there are a wide variety of private schools offering many different opportunities, there are also many public schools of very high quality. To a large extent, a very reasonable education is available for people with a wide range of interests and skills. The system’s main downfall is high price, precisely the issue vouchers try to address for private elementary and secondary schools.

In summation, I think that vouchers would cause some initial problems for public schools, but the public school system is, by some accounts, getting worse on its own, without the influence of vouchers. Something will have to be done to fix this. Why not do it now, and start improving the education of students around the country, before it reaches intolerable levels on its own!

Monday, July 21, 2008

WinKey bindings

Useful hotkeys under MS Windows:

  • WinKey + R = Opens Run
  • WinKey + E = Opens Explorer
  • WinKey + F = Opens Find
  • WinKey + Pause = Opens System Properties
  • WinKey + D = Maximize / Minimize all windows
  • WinKey + M = Minimize all windows
  • WinKey + Shift + M = Maximize all "WinKey + E" minimized windows
  • WinKey + Tab = Flip between open apps in the taskbar